Hard facing of metal substrates

ABSTRACT

Method for hard-facing substrates is disclosed using a hard facing material consisting essentially of at least one vanadium carbide. In a particular embodiment of the invention tungsten is present in the hard facing material in solid solution with vanadium carbide.

This application is a division of our prior U.S. application Ser. No. 159,447, filed June 13, 1980, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,312,894, which is a division of application Ser. No. 885,943, filed Mar. 13, 1978, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 698,848, filed June 23, 1976, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 472,048, filed May 21, 1974, now abandoned.

The present invention relates to the hard facing of substrates. More particularly, the present invention relates to the hard facing of substrates using as the hard-facing material a vanadium carbide-containing composition to provide improved wear and impact resistance.

Hard facing of substrate e.g. metal surfaces*, is a common industrial practice, for example, cast particulate tungsten carbide (W₂ C--WC) or cobalt bonded WC, usually encased in a steel tube, is deposited by hard facing techniques on iron base alloys in making wear resistant cutters, earth moving equipment and the like. It has been found, however, that due possibly to the inherently different physical properties of base metal and tungsten carbide, the hard facing material has a tendency to become unevenly distributed in the molten portion of the metal substrate and as a result, undesired variations in hardness can occur in the resulting solidified hard-faced surfaces.

Also, during the deposition of both cast and cobalt-bonded tungsten carbide on iron and steel substrates, the molten iron in the substrate dissolves some of the tungsten carbide and upon cooling results in the precipitation of the mixed carbides (FeW)₆ C and Fe₃ W₃ C according to the formula 3WC+9Fe→Fe₃ W₃ C+2Fe₃ C, thus resulting in substantial depletion of the deposited tungsten into less wear resistant phase.

In instances where tungsten carbide is employed in hard facing, due to the high density of tungsten carbide, a relatively large weight of tungsten carbide is required for adequate hard facing.

It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a hard-facing method using vanadium carbide-containing material to produce a hard-faced surface having wear-resistant properties at least comparable to those provided by the use of conventional tungsten carbide.

Other objects will be apparent from the following description and claims taken in conjunction with the drawing:

FIG. 1 illustrates a known phase diagram for vanadium, tungsten, carbon, and

FIG. 2 shows the same phase diagram as FIG. 1 utilizing weight percent instead of atomic percent for defining vanadium-tungsten-carbon compositions.

The present invention is directed to an improvement in conventional methods of hard-facing substrates which comprises employing as the hard facing material a solid material consisting essentially of at least one vanadium carbide, and tungsten, when present, in solid solution with each vanadium carbide in said composition in an amount up to the solid solubility limit of tungsten in each such vanadium carbide, the aggregate amount of vanadium carbides in said material being at least about 10% by weight, and cobalt being present in an amount to about 50% by weight of the aggregate vanadium, carbon and tungsten in said composition.

The aforementioned material can be formed of one of the vanadium carbides, or in the form of a mixture of two or more of each vanadium carbides, e.g. VC type, V₂ C type and intermediate carbides. When tungsten is present in the material, tungsten is in solid solution with the vanadium carbide or carbides in an amount ranging up to the solid solubility limit of tungsten in such carbide or carbides. By way of example, if the vanadium carbide in the material is entirely VC type, tungsten can be in a solid solution with the VC in an amount up to about 25 atomic percent of the VC (region 100 in the Figure of the drawing) which is the solid solubility limit of tungsten in VC type carbide. Where the vanadium carbide in the material is entirely V₂ C type, tungsten has unlimited solubility (region 200 in the Figure of the drawing), however, the material in accordance with the present invention is required to contain a minimum amount of vanadium carbide as previously mentioned. By way of example, where a material is formed of both VC-type and V₂ C-type carbides, such as indicated at I in the phase diagram of the drawing, the maximum amount of tungsten in solution would be about 63.5% by weight; in such material, of this percentage, about 23.7% would be in solid solution with VC-type carbide and about 39.8% would be in solid solution with V₂ C type carbide.

The foregoing solid solubility limit values for tungsten are and the composition of specific V-W-C materials for use in accordance with the present invention determinable from the phase diagram of FIG. 1 of the drawing which is based on the diagram appearing at the page of Binary & Ternary Phase Diagrams Supplement to DMIC Report 152, Feb. 7, 1963, Identification Code 195-2-63, which is incorporated herein by reference. The phase diagrams at page 1397 of "Handbook of Lattice Spacings and Structure of Metals", W. B. Pearson-Vol. 2, Pergammon Press 1967 Edition, can also be similarly employed and is also incorporated herein by reference.

In preparing a material such as indicated at I in FIG. 1, the percentages determinable from the phase diagram of the drawing for V, C, and W can be used as the percentages of these materials in a starting mixture containing elemental V, C and W. The mixture can thereafter be processed as hereinafter described. Alternatively, precombined vanadium and carbon and precombined tungsten and carbon, providing the same percentages in the starting mixture can also be used. Also, where the starting materials are oxides, e.g. V₂ O₃, WO₃, additional carbon is provided in the starting mixture to reduce the oxides to metal, e.g. according to the general reaction:

    MO+C→MC+CO

In general, the starting mixture constituents can vary within about 5% by weight of the aim values, an additional amount, e.g. up to 5% by weight, carbon being provided when considered important to ensure removal of incidental oxygen combined with the vanadium and/or tungsten constituents of the starting material. For particular processing apparatus and conditions, appropriate specific starting material proportions can be routinely determined.

As noted hereunder, when more than one vanadium carbide type is present in the material, the tungsten can be in solid solution in each of the vanadium carbides in an amount up to the solid solubility limit of the respective vanadium carbides, reference being taken of the requirement that the material employed in the present invention has at least a defined minimum amount of vanadium carbide. Tungsten present in the material above the solubility limit or limits will combine with carbon to form tungsten carbide, sufficient carbon being used in the preparation of the material to ensure that the material is substantially free, i.e. not more than 5% by weight, of elemental tungsten. Iron, nickel and cobalt can be present in the above mentioned material in an amount customarily used in the preparation of cemented carbides and higher, e.g. up to about 50% by weight in the aggregate, and preferably in the range of 0 to 18%.

The hard facing material of the present invention can alternatively be described as a composition consisting essentially of chemically combined vanadium and carbon and tungsten, where present, in solid solution with said chemically combined vanadium and carbon in an amount of from 0% by weight of the composition up to the solid solubility limit of tungsten in said chemically combined vanadium and carbon, and up to about 50% by weight in the aggregate of cobalt, nickel and iron, said chemically combined vanadium and carbon being in an amount of at least 10% by weight of said composition.

The above described hard facing material for use in the method of the present invention can also adventitiously contain a relatively small amount, e.g. up to about 5% by weight in the aggregate of incidental materials such as free carbon, vanadium and tungsten.

While any known technique can be used for producing the above described hard facing material from conventional starting materials, including elemental vanadium, tungsten and carbon, and vanadium and tungsten oxides, the preferred form of the hard facing material for use in the method of the present invention is a particulated cold pressed and sintered material illustrated by examples in the present specification. In these examples, the starting vanadium, carbon, tungsten and cobalt materials are blended, compacted and sintered under a hydrogen atmosphere at elevated temperatures, e.g. about 1200°-1600° C. and for periods, e.g. 1/2 to 3 hours, sufficient to produce materials as aforedescribed.

A particular embodiment of the present invention comprises a hard facing rod in conventional form for use in hard facing metal substrates, e.g. iron, steel, cobalt, nickel, aluminum, copper, magnesium and alloys of such metals. Such a hard facing rod comprises a metallic sheath or tube formed of the usual metals for such purpose such as iron, steel, aluminum, copper and the like containing therein a hard facing composition as previously described.

The hard facing method of the present invention can be used with known gas and electric welding techniques, e.g. gas welding, arc welding and other practices described in the "Master Chart of Welding Processes"-American Welding Society (1969), using conventional fluxes. In the resulting hard faced articles substantially all, 80% by weight or more, of the applied vanadium carbide material and any dissolved tungsten is present in this form, i.e. vanadium carbide containing tungsten in solid solution. That is to say there is only a relatively slight, 5-20%, dissolution, i.e. depletion of the vanadium carbide or its dissolved tungsten into the surface metal.

The hard facing method of the present invention can also be used with known plasma flame spraying or coating techniques ("Flame Spray Handbook" Volume III-METCO INC. (1965).

In the hard facing of metal substrates in accordance with the present invention by the above-noted conventional techniques the metal substrate and the applied hard facing material become metallurgically bonded.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, the herein described hard-facing material is bonded to non-metallic substrates using conventional adhesives such as natural or synthetic rubber-like or resinous materials, e.g. thermosetting materials such as phenolics, polyesters, crosslinked styrenated polyesters, thermoplastic materials such as polysulfones, epoxys, and cross-linked elastomeric materials, e.g. natural or synthetic rubbers.

With reference to FIG. 2 of the drawing, which has been prepared for purposes of convenience by converting the atomic weight percent scales of FIG. 1 to weight percent, vanadium-tungsten-carbon material for use in the present invention at least 95% by weight of which is in the form of vanadium carbide, and tungsten, when present in solid solution, and containing at least about 10% of a vanadium carbide is found in the region designated A comprising regions 100', 200', 300', 900 and 1000. A particularly preferred material is that defined by region 100' wherein tungsten, when present, is in solid solution with VC type carbide. In region 200', tungsten when present, is in solid solution with V₂ C type carbide and in region 300' tungsten, when present, is in solid solution with VC and/or V₂ C type carbides. Compositions somewhat outside of region A are also suitable for use in the practice of the present invention. For example, a composition in region 600', slightly above region 100', would contain uncombined carbon and provided that this uncombined carbon does not exceed about 5% by weight of the material, is suitable for the practice of the present invention. Similarly, compositions of regions 700', 800', 900' or 1000, 1200, 1300 and 1400 containing not more than about 5% by weight uncombined, C, WC, W and/or V are suitable for use in the practice of the present invention.

A V-W-C composition found to be particularly advantageous for use in accordance with the present invention contains from about 10 to 67 percent by weight tungsten in solid solution.

The following examples illustrate materials for use as hard-facing compositions in accordance with the present invention:

EXAMPLE I

The following materials were used to obtain a cold pressed sintered hard-facing composition of VC type material having about 50-60 weight percent tungsten in solid solution and containing about 6% by weight cobalt for use in the process of the present invention:

(a) 1978.4 g of a commercially available material (Union Carbide Corporation) containing mixed V₂ C+VC, sized 65 mesh and finer having the following analysis:

82.26% V,

14.24 C,

0.70 O,

0.50 Fe,

Balance moisture and incidental impurities.

(b) 1412.0 g UCAR* tungsten powder, deagglonerated, F.S.S.-2.0 microns.

(c) 192.0 g Acheson* brand G39 graphite powder, sized finer than 100 mesh.

(d) 242.4 g cobalt powder, extra fine grade from African Metals Corp.

The powders were placed in a ball mill (8-in. diameter×11 in. high, 48.4 lb. of 1/2-in. dia. balls) and turned at 52 RPM for 48 hours. After forty-eight hours milling, the material was cold pressed by pelletizing in a 11/2-in. dia. die at about 38,000 psi. The compacts (apparent density ˜5.14 gr/cc) were crushed in a pulverizer and sized to 12×20 mesh. The resulting granules were placed in graphite boats and sintered in a pure hydrogen push through molybdenum-wound heat-treating furnace. The sintering cycle was as follows: The graphite boat was placed inside the furnace door for 1/2 hour, to diffuse out residual atmospheric gases. The boat then was advanced to a 900°-1200° C. zone to allow the reduction of any residual oxides and the removal of the reduction products. Then the boat was advanced into the hot zone at 1400° C. for 11/2 hr. to provide sintering of the cold pressed material. The boat was then pushed out of the hot zone into a water-cooled chamber and brought to room temperature in 12 minutes. The granules were lightly bonded together but were easily separated in a jaw crusher. Aside from the contained cobalt, at least about 95% by weight of the material was formed of chemically combined vanadium and carbon having tungsten in solid solution.

The cold pressed and sintered material as prepared in the foregoing example was sized 12×32 mesh in a jaw crusher and employed as a hard-facing material in the following manner.

The granules were packed into a 12-in. length of 1/4-in. O.D. by nominal 0.190-in. in I.D. mild steel tubing. The granules composed about 45% by weight of the rod. The rod then was deposited on a plain carbon mild steel substrate using an oxy-acetylene torch. The flame was acetylene-rich to prevent decarburization. At the starting point, the metal substrate was brought to sweating temperature, i.e. the surface was brought to the melting point, and the rod deposited with a minimum of penetration of the substrate. The melted metal casing bonded the granules to the substrate and a metallurgical bond was formed between the hard facing material and substrate upon solidification of the molten metal.

The resulting hard-faced surface was found to be at least comparable in wear resistance to that obtained using cast tungsten carbide as the hard-facing material.

A particular advantage of using the above-described material in hard-facing practices is that the amount of vanadium carbide can be varied from essentially 100% in the form of combined vanadium and carbon to a material containing up to 90% by weight WC while providing excellent wear resistance, impact resistance, and hardness at least comparable to conventional tungsten carbide. Thus the ratio of combined vanadium and carbon, and tungsten can be varied to adjust the density of the material so as to be substantially the same as the density of the fused portion of the metal substrate to be hard faced. Consequently, even with light metal substrates such as aluminum, the density of hard-facing material in accordance with the present invention will not have to be more than about 50% greater than the molten surface. As a result, a uniform distribution of the hard-facing material in the melted portion of the substrate is greatly facilitated. Alternatively, the density of the hard-facing material can be readily adjusted, if desired, so that more hard-facing material will be in the lower portion of the melted substrate and vice versa.

A further advantage of the present invention is that in using vanadium carbide material, in place of tungsten carbide, as a hard facing material, the weight of the hard facing material used in a given application can be reduced by as much as 65% as compared to conventional cast tungsten carbide.

The following Table I shows various density values for exemplary materials in accordance with the practice of the present invention having the empirical compositions. The measured density for cast tungsten carbide is also shown in the Table.

                  TABLE I                                                          ______________________________________                                                                            Measured                                    Empirical Composition                                                                       Density   Composition Density                                     ______________________________________                                         100% VC      5.77 g/cc                                                                      (calculated)                                                      75% VC + 25% WC                                                                             6.87 g/cc Cast W.sub.2 C--WC                                                                         16.28 g/cc                                               (calculated)                                                      60% VC + 40% WC                                                                             7.88 g/cc                                                                      (calculated)                                                      (60 VC + 40 WC) +                                                                           6.97 g/cc                                                         3% Co        (measured)                                                        ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE II

A mixture of mixed VC+V₂ C material, elemental tungsten, and graphite was prepared to obtain a cold pressed and sintered hard facing composition of VC type material having about 50-60% by weight tungsten in solid solution for use in the method of the present invention. The tungsten was UCAR* tungsten powder having an average particle size 2.5 microns; the vanadium carbide material (commercially available from Union Carbide Corp.) was sized 65 mesh and finer; the graphite was Acheson* G39 powder, sized 200 mesh and finer. The amounts of W, vanadium carbide material and graphite in the mixture were:

    ______________________________________                                         (a) Tungsten            759.95 g                                               (b) Mixed YC + V.sub.2 C                                                                               85.90% V   1130.4 g                                                            12.53% C                                                                       0.86%                                                                          0.50% Fe                                                             Balance moisture and incidental                                                impurities                                                       (c) Graphite        136.4 g                                                    ______________________________________                                    

The above constituents were charged to a stainless steel ball-mill, 53/4-in. high having an inner diameter of 6 in. The milling media was 8100 g of steel 1/2-in. diameter balls. The mill was turned at 76 RPM for a total milling time of 100 hr. The blended mixture was cold pressed into compacts at 38,000 psi. The compacts had dimensions of 11/4 inch diameter by 1 inch thick. Density of the cold pressed material was 5.028 g/cc. The cold pressed material was granulated to 40×200 mesh by crushing and screening. The resulting granules were placed in graphite boats and furnaced in pure hydrogen in a molybdenum element push-through furnace. The boats were introduced into a 900°-1200° C. zone and held there for 1/2 hr. to cause reduction of any incidental metal oxides. After this the boat was pushed into the hot zone and sintered at 1400° C. for 1.5 hours. The boat was then pushed into a water-cooled chamber and brought to room temperature in about 12 minutes. The granules were easily separated into a size of 48 to 250 mesh by passing through a jaw crusher. At least 95% by weight of the material was formed of chemically combined vanadium and carbon having tungsten in solid solution. The apparent density of the sintered cold pressed material was 6.45 g/cc.

EXAMPLE III

A mixture of mixed VC+V₂ C material, elemental tungsten, elemental cobalt and graphite was prepared to obtain a cold pressed and sintered hard facing composition of VC type material having about 50-60 weight percent tungsten in solid solution and containing about 1% by weight cobalt. The tungsten was UCAR* tungsten powder having an average particle size of 2.5 microns. The vanadium carbide material was sized 65 mesh and finer (commercially available from Union Carbide Corporation). The cobalt powder was extra fine grade from African Metals Corporation having an average particle size of 1.31 microns. The graphite was Acheson* C39 powder (available from Union Carbide Corporation), sized 200 mesh and finer. The amounts of W, Co and graphite in the mixture were as follows:

(a) Tungsten 750.96 g

(b) Mixed VC+V₂ C

    ______________________________________                                         (a)    Tungsten             750.96 g                                           (b)    Mixed VC + V.sub.2 C 85.90% V 1130.4 g                                                              12.53% C                                                                        0.50% Fe                                                                       0.86% O                                                              Balance moisture and                                                           incidental impurities                                       (c)    Graphite         136.4 g                                                (d)    Cobalt            20.2 g                                                ______________________________________                                    

(c) Graphite 136.4 g

(d) Cobalt 20.2 g

The above constituents were charged to a stainless steel ball-mill, 53/4 in. high having an inner diameter of 6 inches. The milling media was 8100 g of steel 1/2-in. diameter balls. The mill was turned at 76 RPM for a total milling time of 100 hrs. The blended mixture was cold pressed by roll compacting into sheet. A bar pressed at 31,200 psi from the sheet had a green density of 5.323 g/cc. The cold compacted sheet material was granulated to 10×28 mesh and the granules were placed in a graphite boat and furnaced in pure hydrogen in a molybdenum element push-through furnace. The boats were introduced into a 200° C. zone and held there for 1/2 hr. to eliminate air and moisture. The boats were advanced into a 900°-1100° C. zone and held there for 1/2 hr. to cause reduction of any incidental metal oxides. After this the boat was placed in the hot zone and the material sintered at 1400° C. for 1.5 hr. The boat then was pushed into a water-cooled chamber and brought to room temperature in about 12 minutes. The granules were easily separated by passing through a jaw crusher and sized 12 to 30 mesh. Aside from the contained cobalt at least 95% by weight of the material was formed of chemically combined vanadium and carbon having tungsten in solid solution. The apparent density of the sintered cold compacted material was 6.4 g/cc.

EXAMPLE IV

A mixture of mixed VC+V₂ C material, elemental cobalt and graphite was prepared to obtain a cold pressed and sintered hard facing composition having an empirical composition of VC+3%Co for use in the process of the present invention. The vanadium carbide material was sized 65 mesh and finer (commercially available from Union Carbide Corporation). The cobalt powder was extra fine grade from African Metals Corporation having an average particle size of 1.31 microns; the graphite was Acheson* G39 powder, sized 200 mesh and finer. The proportions were such as to produce a final product containing vanadium, carbon and cobalt in the empirical relationship of VC+3%Co. The amounts of vanadium carbide material, cobalt and graphite in the mixture were as follows:

(a) Mixed VC+V₂ C

    ______________________________________                                         (a)    Mixed VC + V.sub.2 C 85.90% V 10 lbs.                                                               12.53% C                                                                        0.85% O                                                                        0.50% Fe                                                             Balance moisture and                                                           incidental impurities                                       (b)    Co               0.333 lb.                                              (c)    Graphite         0.836 lb.                                              ______________________________________                                    

(b) Co 0.330 Lb.

(c) Graphite 0.836 Lb.

The above constituents were charged to a stainless steel ball 53/4 in. high having an inner diameter of 6 inches. The milling media was 6000 grams of steel 1/2-in. diameter balls. The mill was turned at 76 RPM. Milling was continued for a total milling time of 48 hours. The green density of the compacts cold pressed from the mixture at 38,000 psi was measured at 3,678 grams/cc. The blended mix was cold pressed by roll compacting into sheet and granulated to 10×28 mesh. The granules were placed in a graphite boat and furnaced in pure hydrogen in a molybdenum element push through sintering furnace. The boats were introduced into a 200° C. zone and held there for 1/2 hr. to eliminate air and moisture. The boats then were advanced into a 900°-1100° C. zone and held there for 1/2 hr. to cause reduction of any incidental metal oxides. After this the boats were pushed into the 1300° C. zone for 11/2 hours to sinter the cold compacted material. The sintered material was then pushed into a water-cooled chamber and cooled to room temperature in about 12 minutes. The granules were easily separated by passing through a jaw crusher and sized to 12×30 mesh. At least 95% by weight of the material was in the form of vanadium monocarbide (VC).

EXAMPLE V

A mixture of V₂ O₃, elemental cobalt and graphite was prepared. The V₂ O₃, had an average particle size of 200 mesh and finer; the cobalt powder was extra fine grade from African Metals Corporation, having an average particle size of 1.31 microns; the graphite was Acheson* G39. The proportions were such as to produce a cold pressed and sintered hard facing composition final product having an empirical composition of VC-3Co for use in the method of the present invention. The amounts of V₂ O₃, cobalt and graphite in the mixture were as follows:

(a) V₂ O₃ 1814.4 g

(b) Co 46.6 g

(c) Graphite 723.0 g

The V₂ O₃, cobalt and graphite constituents were charged to a stainless steel ball mill, 8.0-in. high having an inner diameter of 9.75 in. The milling media was 15.5 lb. of tungsten 1/2-in. dia. balls. The mill was turned at 64 RPM. The mix was ball milled for 16 hrs. The milled mix was roll compacted to sheet (density 2.428 grams/cc) and granulated to 8×12 mesh. The granules were packed in graphite boats and furnaced in pure hydrogen in a platinum-wound tube furnace. The boats were heated to 1150° C. and held for 2 hrs. in flowing hydrogen. The temperature was increased to to 1300° C. and held for 2.5 hrs. The granules were easily separated by passing through a jaw crusher and sized to 12×30 mesh. The material was in the form of vanadium monocarbide, VC type, present as somewhat spherical crystals in a relatively soft cobalt matrix and contained in addition to combined vanadium and carbon, 2.73% free carbon.

EXAMPLE VI

A mixture of mixed VC+V₂ C (commercially available from Union Carbide Corporation) material, elemental iron and graphite was prepared to obtain a cold pressed and sintered hard facing composition having an empirical composition of VC+2%Fe. The amounts of vanadium carbide material, iron and graphite in the mixture were as follows:

(a) Mixed VC+V₂ C

    ______________________________________                                         (a)    Mixed VC + V.sub.2 C 83.66% V 200 g.                                                                14.14% C                                                                        0.58% O                                                              Balance moisture and                                                           incidental impurities                                       (b)    Fe                       4.27 g.                                        (c)    Graphite                12.48 g.                                        ______________________________________                                    

(b) Fe 4.27 g.

(c) Graphite 12.48 g.

The above constituents were placed in a 2-qt. ball mill together with 10.25 lb. of 1/2-in. diameter steel balls. The mill was turned for 16 hrs. at 105 RPM. The powder was removed, roll-compacted and granulated to 10×28 mesh with a bulk density of 31.80 g/in.³. The granules were placed in a graphite boat and sintered in pure hydrogen in a molybdenum element push through furnace for 1.5 hrs. at 1300° C. The sintered material was then pushed into a water-cooling chamber and brought to room temperature in about 12 min. The sintered granules were lightly bonded for easily broken down in a jaw crusher. The bulk density of the sintered granules, sized 12×32 mesh was 42.91 g/in.³. The vanadium and carbon in the cold pressed and sintered material were combined in the form of monocarbide (VC).

EXAMPLE VII

A mixture of V₂ O₃, WO₃, elemental cobalt and graphite was prepared to obtain a cold pressed and sintered hard facing composition of VC type material having about 20-25 weight percent tungsten in solid solution and containing about 13.5% by weight cobalt for use in the method of the present invention. The V₂ O₃ had an average particle size of 200 M×D; the WO₃ had an average particle size of 100 mesh and finer; the cobalt powder was extra fine grade from African Metals Corporation, having an average particle size of 1.31 microns; the graphite was Acheson* G39 powder, sized 200 mesh and finer. The amounts of V₂ O₃, WO₃ cobalt and graphite in the mixture was as follows:

(a) V₂ O₃ 299.80 g

(b) WO₃ 96.0 g

(c) Co 53.0 g

(d) Graphite 137.85 g

The V₂ O₃, WO₃ cobalt and graphite constituents were charged to a 2 quart mill. The milling media was 6.25 lb. of steel 1/2 inch diameter balls. The mill was turned at 95 RPM. The mix was ball milled for 24 hrs. The milled mix was cold pressed by roll compacting to pellets 1" dia. by 1/2" thick (density 3.04 grams/cc). The pellets were packed in graphite boats and furnaced in pure hydrogen in a platinum-wound tube furnace. The boats were heated to 1000° C. and held for 4 hrs. in flowing hydrogen. The temperature was increased to 1400° C. and held for 2 hrs. The sintered pellets were crushed to 32×48 mesh. The resulting material had an apparent density of 5.82 g/cc and a bulk density of 44.5 g/in.³. The tungsten, vanadium and carbon in the material were in the form of a solid solution of W in VC and the material contained 13.5% Co.

EXAMPLE VIII

The following materials were used to obtain a cold pressed sintered hard-facing composition of VC type material having about 20-25 weight percent tungsten in solid solution and containing about 3% by weight cobalt for use in the process of the present invention:

(a) 69.152 lbs. of a commercially available material (Union Carbide Corporation) containing mixed V₂ C+VC, sized 65 mesh and fiber having the following analysis:

84.69% V,

13.20 C,

1.10 C,

0.50 Fe,

Balance--moisture and incidental impurities.

(b) 22.763 lbs. UCAR* tungsten powder, deagglomerated, F.S.S.-2.0 microns.

(c) 5.422 lbs. Acheson* brand G39 graphite powder, sized finer than 100 mesh.

(d) 3 lbs. cobalt powder, extra fine grade from African Metals Corp.

The powders were placed in a 2 cubic foot ball mill with 500 lbs. of 1/2 in. diameter steels balls, and turned at 36 RPM for 48 hours. After forty-eight hours milling, a portion of the material was cold pressed at about 38,000 psi; the cold pressed material had a density of 4.219 gr/cc. The material was roll compacted to sheet and crushed and sized in a pulverizer to 10×20 mesh. The apparent density was ˜5.14 gr/cc. The resulting granules were placed in graphite boats and sintered in a pure hydrogen push through molybdenum-wound heat-treating furnace. The sintering cycle was as follows: The graphite boat was placed inside the furnace door for 1/2 hour, to diffuse out residual atmospheric gases. The boat then was advanced to a 900°-1200° C. zone to allow the reduction of any residual oxides and the removal of the reduction products. Then the boat was advanced into the hot zone at 1550° C. for 11/2 hrs. to provide sintering of the cold pressed material. The boat was then pushed out of the hot zone into a water-cooled chamber and brought to room temperature in 12 minutes. The granules were lightly bonded together but were easily separated in a jaw crusher. Aside from the contained cobalt, at least about 95% by weight of the material was formed of chemically combined vanadium and carbon having tungsten in solid solution.

The material prepared in the foregoing example was sized 12×32 mesh in a jaw crusher for use as a hard-facing material.

The chemical analysis by weight of the material was as follows:

13.40% C

56.24% V

23.55% W

3.46% Co

1.26% Fe*

0.10% O

Considering only the V, C and W constituents the percentages are as follows:

C 14.37% by weight: 47.46 Atomic %

W 25.27% by weight: 5.46 Atomic %

V 60.34% by weight: 47.06 Atomic %

In a particular embodiment of the present invention in additional amount of finely divided tungsten and carbon is used in the preparation of the hard facing material as a constituent of the starting material mixture, so that in addition to a solid solution of tungsten in one or more vanadium carbides, the hard facing material can also contain in an intimate sintered admixture therewith, up to 90% by weight of tungsten carbide. This material can be used in the hard facing method of the present invention to accomodate a desired density in the hard facing material which may be advantageous in hard facing particular metal substrates.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the hard facing material of the present invention contains up to 90% by weight chromium carbides. This is achieved by including chromium metal or chromium oxide together with additional carbon in the preparation of the hard facing material as a constituent of the starting material mixture, or by admixing chromium carbide with separately prepared hard facing material in accordance with the present invention as hereabove described.

The mesh sizes referred to herein are Tyler series. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A hard facing material for deposition onto the surface of an iron or steel substrate at molten temperatures which comprises a finely divided particulate composition of chemically combined vanadium and carbon having tungsten in solid solution, said composition consisting essentially of (i) at least one vanadium carbide, (ii) tungsten in solid solution with each vanadium carbide in said composition in an amount from about 10% by weight up to about 67% by weight, and (iii) at least one material selected from the group of nickel, cobalt and iron in an amount up to about 50% by weight of said composition, the aggregate amount of all vanadium carbides in said composition being at least about 10% by weight of said composition, said composition containing not more than about 5% by weight of a material selected from the group of uncombined carbon, tungsten, tungsten carbide, vanadium and mixtures thereof.
 2. A hard facing material in accordance with claim 1 wherein said finely divided particulate composition is a cold pressed and sintered material in particulated form. 